# Trace Width Guide: Power Distribution

**Date:** 2025-12-28  
**Based on:** ESP32-WROOM-32E, AMS1117-3.3, TXB0104PWR

---

## Current Requirements Summary

### 3.3V Power Rail
- **ESP32 peak current:** 500mA (WiFi transmission)
- **LEDs (2×):** ~12mA
- **TXB0104 VCCA:** 5µA (negligible)
- **Pull-up resistors:** <0.1mA (negligible)
- **Total peak current:** **~512mA**

### 5V Power Rail
- **TXB0104 VCCB:** 5µA (negligible)
- **AC Connector:** Minimal (if just signaling)
- **Total current:** **~10mA** (very low)

---

## Trace Width Calculations

### IPC-2221 Standard Reference

**Current Carrying Capacity (10°C temperature rise):**

| Copper Weight | Layer Type | Capacity |
|---------------|------------|----------|
| 1oz (35µm) | External (F.Cu/B.Cu) | ~1.0A per 1mm width |
| 1oz (35µm) | Internal | ~0.5A per 1mm width |
| 2oz (70µm) | External | ~2.0A per 1mm width |
| 2oz (70µm) | Internal | ~1.0A per 1mm width |

---

## Recommended Trace Widths

### For Standard 1oz Copper PCB (Most Common)

#### 3.3V Power Traces

**Minimum Requirements:**
- **External layer:** 0.51mm (for 512mA)
- **Internal layer:** 1.02mm (for 512mA)

**Recommended (with safety margin):**
- **External layer:** **1.0mm** (50% margin, easy to route)
- **Internal layer:** **1.5mm** (50% margin)

**Best Practice:**
- **Main power rail:** Use **1.0mm to 1.5mm** wide traces
- **Branch traces:** Can be narrower (0.5mm) for short runs to components
- **Copper zones/pours:** Even better for power distribution

#### 5V Power Traces

**Minimum Requirements:**
- **Any layer:** 0.01mm (for 10mA) - theoretical minimum

**Recommended:**
- **Standard signal width:** **0.3mm** (sufficient and standard)
- **Main rail:** **0.5mm** (if using dedicated trace)

**Note:** 5V current is very low, so trace width is not critical. Use standard signal trace width (0.2-0.3mm) or slightly wider (0.5mm) for main rail.

---

## Detailed Recommendations

### 3.3V Power Distribution

#### Option 1: Wide Traces (Recommended)
```
Main 3.3V rail:     1.0mm - 1.5mm width
Branch to ESP32:    0.8mm - 1.0mm width
Branch to LEDs:     0.3mm - 0.5mm width
Branch to TXB0104:  0.3mm - 0.5mm width
```

#### Option 2: Copper Zones/Pours (Best Practice)
- Create a **3.3V copper zone** covering the board area
- Provides lowest impedance
- Best for power distribution
- Use **1.0mm clearance** from other nets

#### Option 3: Hybrid Approach
- Main rail: **1.5mm wide trace** from regulator to ESP32 area
- Copper zone: **3.3V zone** around ESP32 and other components
- Branch traces: **0.5mm** for short connections

### 5V Power Distribution

```
Main 5V rail:       0.3mm - 0.5mm width (sufficient)
Branch to TXB0104:  0.3mm width (standard)
Branch to AC Conn:  0.3mm width (standard)
```

**Note:** 5V current is so low that trace width is not a concern. Use standard signal trace widths.

---

## Implementation Guidelines

### For KiCad PCB Layout

#### Setting Up Trace Widths

1. **Design Rules Setup:**
   - Go to: `File → Board Setup → Design Rules → Net Classes`
   - Create net classes:
     - `Power_3V3`: Min width 0.5mm, Preferred 1.0mm, Max 2.0mm
     - `Power_5V`: Min width 0.2mm, Preferred 0.3mm, Max 1.0mm
     - `Signal`: Min width 0.2mm, Preferred 0.2mm, Max 0.5mm

2. **Assign Net Classes:**
   - `+3.3V` net → `Power_3V3` class
   - `+5V` net → `Power_5V` class
   - All other nets → `Signal` class

3. **Routing:**
   - Route power traces first (widest)
   - Use copper zones for power distribution where possible
   - Keep power traces short and direct

### Trace Width by Location

| Location | 3.3V Width | 5V Width | Notes |
|----------|------------|----------|-------|
| **Regulator output** | 1.0-1.5mm | - | Main power source |
| **To ESP32 VDD** | 1.0mm | - | High current path |
| **To TXB0104 VCCA** | 0.5mm | - | Low current |
| **To LEDs** | 0.3-0.5mm | - | Low current |
| **To pull-ups** | 0.2-0.3mm | - | Very low current |
| **5V main rail** | - | 0.3-0.5mm | Low current |
| **To TXB0104 VCCB** | - | 0.3mm | Very low current |

---

## Copper Zone Recommendations

### 3.3V Copper Zone
- **Layer:** F.Cu or B.Cu (or both)
- **Clearance:** 0.5mm from other nets
- **Min width:** 0.5mm (for narrow areas)
- **Coverage:** Around ESP32, regulator, and power distribution area

### GND Copper Zone
- **Layer:** Both F.Cu and B.Cu (ground plane)
- **Clearance:** 0.3mm from other nets
- **Coverage:** Entire board (ground plane)
- **Vias:** Connect both layers with multiple vias

### 5V Copper Zone (Optional)
- **Not necessary** due to very low current
- Can use if board space allows
- **Width:** 0.3mm minimum if used

---

## Thermal Considerations

### Power Dissipation
- **3.3V @ 512mA:** ~1.69W (ESP32 peak)
- **Trace resistance:** Lower with wider traces
- **Voltage drop:** Minimize with wide traces and short paths

### Trace Heating
With 1.0mm trace width and 512mA:
- **Temperature rise:** ~10°C (acceptable)
- **Voltage drop:** <50mV for typical trace lengths

---

## Design Checklist

- [ ] 3.3V main rail: **1.0mm minimum** (1.5mm preferred)
- [ ] 3.3V to ESP32: **1.0mm minimum**
- [ ] 3.3V branches: **0.5mm minimum** for short runs
- [ ] 5V traces: **0.3mm minimum** (standard signal width)
- [ ] Ground plane: **Full coverage** on one or both layers
- [ ] Power zones: Consider copper zones for 3.3V
- [ ] Vias: Use multiple vias for layer transitions on power nets
- [ ] Clearance: Maintain proper clearance from other nets

---

## Quick Reference

### Minimum Trace Widths (1oz copper, external layer)

| Net | Current | Minimum | Recommended |
|-----|---------|---------|-------------|
| **+3.3V** | 512mA | 0.51mm | **1.0mm** |
| **+5V** | 10mA | 0.01mm | **0.3mm** |
| **GND** | - | - | **Ground plane** |
| **Signals** | <10mA | 0.2mm | **0.2mm** |

### Summary
- **3.3V traces:** Use **1.0mm** width (or copper zone)
- **5V traces:** Use **0.3mm** width (standard signal width)
- **GND:** Use **ground plane** (copper zone covering entire board)

---

## Additional Notes

### Why 1.0mm for 3.3V?
- Provides **50% safety margin** over minimum requirement
- Easy to route and manufacture
- Low voltage drop
- Good thermal performance
- Standard practice for power traces

### Why 0.3mm for 5V?
- Current is very low (10mA)
- Standard signal trace width
- Easy to route
- Sufficient for the application

### Copper Zones vs Traces
- **Copper zones:** Best for power distribution (lowest impedance)
- **Traces:** Good for point-to-point connections
- **Hybrid:** Use zones for main distribution, traces for branches

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*Guide created: 2025-12-28*